Here's another super-familiar bit of Pali, 'The Three Refuges,' or Triple Gem. This formula is used when someone becomes a Buddhist, and is often chanted or recited by both monks and lay practitioners.
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Let's see what we can figure out about the grammar of this formula -- it's quite repetitive, which should prove helpful!
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Buddhaṃ saraṇaṃ gacchāmi.
To the Buddha for refuge I go
Dhammaṃ saraṇaṃ gacchāmi.
To the Dharma for refuge I go
Saṅghaṃ saraṇaṃ gacchāmi.
To the Sangha for refuge I go
Just by comparing the Pali and English texts we can understand at least one of the words in each Pali line -- Buddhaṃ, Dhammaṃ, and Saṅghaṃ, of course, correspond to Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha. (More on the final -ṃ in a bit..)
So we're left with having to figure out how saraṇaṃ and gacchāmi correlate with ..for refuge I go.
Comparing different translations can give us a hint:
You'll notice that the Pali orthographies below are slightly different -- -ṃ vs -m, and as we'll see below, DeSilva spells it a third way, with -ŋ!
Buddham saranam gacchami
I go to the Buddha for refuge. ← Access to Insight
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Buddhaṃ saraṇaṃ gacchāmi.
To the Buddha for refuge I go ← Wikipedia
The Wikipedia version sounds a bit old-fashioned to me, with the verb at the end like that. (When was the last time you said 'To the 7-Eleven for a Slurpee I go.'!?) The Access to Insight version is closer to the order we'd use in modern English.
Well, surprise surprise, the verb does usually come at the end in Pali. The verb here is gacchāmi. Which means that saraṇaṃ is refuge, and it looks like it also has that final -ṃ/-m/-ŋ thingie.
So the whole thing breaks down like this:
Buddhaṃ Buddha + -ṃsaraṇaṃ refuge + -ṃgacchāmi I go
(Let's ignore the details of the verb form for now.)
Let's see what DeSilva has to say about this suffix in her chapter 2 (pg. 3dmark tablets highest scores 2019 zentab. 3), here slightly edited:
Accusative case: The case ending -ŋ [Note: this is DeSilva's spelling for -ṃ] is added to the nominal base to form the accusative singular number. .. A noun thus inflected is used as the object of a sentence.
The goal of motion is also expressed by the accusative case.
All four of the nouns in this formula are of the same class. DeSilva's chapter one covers them: Masculine nouns ending in -a.
The others in her chapter 1 are:
dhamma the doctrine, truth
gāma village
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kukkura dog
sunakha dog
soṇa dog
āvāṭa pit
sigāla jackal
suriya sun
vihāra monastery
pabbata mountain
rukkha tree
odana cooked rice
bhatta rice
canda moon
patta bowl
yācaka beggar
So, can you figure out these sentences? :P
Pabbatam gacchami.
Vihāram gacchami.
Suriyam gacchami.
More resources:
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